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How To Cite References - ACS Style

The American Chemical Society (ACS) Style is used primarily for publications in chemistry and allied sciences.

When using EndNote bibliographic software, please use the following output style - ACS.
Please remember to check with your unit co-ordinator or tutor before submitting your assignments,
as their style preference may vary from the guidelines presented here.

Created April 2008

Contents

  • Citation Within The Text
  • The Reference List or Bibliography

    These guidelines follow the principles given in The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information published by the American Chemical Society (ACS), 3rd edition, 2006. This publication constitutes the authoritative international guide to ACS publication standards and style.

    ACS Style uses a notational method of referencing when referring to a source of information within the text of a document. In its simplest form, a citation is given consisting of a number in superscript format or enclosed by round brackets if the reference is hand written.

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    Citation Within The Text

    Indicating the Relevant Reference in the Text

    A number in superscript format eg. 6, placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference. The superscript number appears outside the punctuation if the citation applies to a whole sentence or clause. Citations are numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.

    Here are some examples of this kind of referencing:

    The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm.13
    The theory was first put forward in 1987.1
    Scholtz2 has argued that...
    Several recent studies3,4,15,16 have suggested that...
    For example, see 7.

    It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.

    Citing More Than One Reference at a Time

    When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately in ascending order with a comma or dash (without spaces) between each reference:

    Superscript Format

    1,3,5
    1-5
    2-5,9,13

    Quoting

    Use quotation marks to enclose short direct quotations of up to 50 words:

    In the book Megatrends, Naisbett concludes, "We are moving from the specialist who is soon obsolete to the generalist who can adapt."3

    Use a narrower column width, indented on both sides, for longer quotations of 50 words or more. Do not use quotation marks:

    In the late 1890s, the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements helium, neon,
    argon, krypton, and xenon. These elements, along with radon, were placed in group VIIIA of the
    periodic table and nicknamed inert (or noble) gases because of their tendency not to react with
    other elements. The tendency of the noble gases to not react with other elements has to do with
    their electron configurations. All of the noble gases have full valence shells; this configuration is a
    stable configuration and one that other elements try to achieve by reacting together. In other words,
    the reason atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled.4

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    Personal Communications

    Personal communications should be included in the text of your document in the same manner as any other source. It is recommended that permission is sought from the source/author of a personal communication if you wish to include quotes in your text. Examples of how to include personal communications in your text:

    In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Molecular Science34 ...

    As stated in a letter from B.J. Saul, in July 200235 ...

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    The Reference List or Bibliography

    A numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the publication, assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. It is very important that you use the correct punctuation and that the order of details in the references is also correct.

    Capitalisation practice also should be consistent. All titles are given maximal capitalisation. All words other than prepositions, conjunctions, and definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) are capitalised. Journal abbreviations and book titles are italicised or underlined if references are handwritten. However, if "the" is the first word of the title italicise and capitalise it.

    The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references, but this is not exhaustive. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents.

    Print Documents

    Books

    Note: Given names are not inlcuded only an author's first and middle initial, if known. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.

    Standard format

    #. Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. Title: Subtitle, Edition (if not the first); Series; Publisher: Place of publication, Year; Vol. (if a multivolume work), pp page number(s) (if appropriate).

    Single author

    1. Hoppert, M. Microscopic Techniques in Biotechnology; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2003; pp 145-158.

    2. Schmidt, L. D. The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, 2005; pp 71-88.

    Single editor

    3. Stocker, J. H., Ed. Chemistry and Science Fiction; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.

    Two or more authors

    4. Lawhead, J. B., Baker, M. C. Introduction to Veterinary Science; Thomson Delmar Learning: Clifton Park, NY, 2005; pp 206-210.

    5. Metzler, D. E.; Metzler, C. M. Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells, 2nd ed.; Harcourt/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2003.

    No author

    6. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2003; p 26.

    Later edition

    7. Graham Solomons, T. W.; Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2008; pp 827-832.

    Multiple volumes

    8. Carey, F. A.; Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Springer: New York, 2007; Vol. 2, pp 12-15.

    Series

    9. O'Connor, N.; Lewin, K.; Moore, S.; et al. Sediment Chemistry: Macroinvertebrate Fauna Relationships in Urban Streams; LWRRDC occasional paper 15/99; Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation: Canberra, 1999.

    Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)

    10. American Chemical Society, Committee on Analytical Reageants. Reagent Chemicals: Specifications and Procedures, 10th ed.; Washington, DC, 2006.

    Note: It is not necessary to repeat the publisher's name for a work compiled by the organisation that published it.

    Conference (complete conference proceedings)

    11. El Nadi, L., Ed. Modern Trends in Physics Research: First International Conference on Modern Trends in Physics Research, MTPR-04, Cairo, Egypt, 4-9 April 2004; AIP conference proceedings 0748; American Institute of Physics: Melville, N.Y., 2005.

    Government publication

    12. Australia. Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage. Personal Monitoring of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): The Contribution of Woodsmoke to Exposure; Technical report no. 8; Canberra, A.C.T., 2004; pp 6-12.

    13. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Environment Protection Mining and Manufacturing Industries, Australia, 2000–2001; ABS publication 4603.0; Canberra, 2002.

    Note: It is not necessary to repeat the publisher's name for a work compiled by the organisation that published it.

    Scientific / Technical report

    14. Griffin, E. A.; Verboom, W. H.; Allen, D. G. Paired Site Sampling for Soil Carbon Estimation: Western Australia, National Carbon Accounting System technical report No. 38; Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, 2003; pp 125-136.

    Standard

    15. Standards Australia. Safety in Laboratories: Microbiological Aspects and Containment Facilities; AS/NZS 2243.3:2002; January 9, 2002.

    Thesis or dissertation

    15. Mackel, H. Capturing the Spectra of Silicon Solar Cells. PhD Thesis, The Australian National University: Canberra, December 2004.

    16. Shiers, D. Chemolithotrophic Batch Cultures and Solution Parameters. Chemistry, Honours Thesis, Murdoch University: Murdoch, 2004.

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    Parts of a Book

    Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual titles and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).

    Standard format

    #. Author of Part, A. A.; Author of Part, B. B. Title of Chapter or Part. In Title: Subtitle of Book, Edition
    (if not the first); Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., Eds.; Publisher: Place of publication,Year; pp page numbers.

    Article/chapter in a book

    1. Almlof, J.; Gropen, O. Relativistic Effects in Chemistry. In Reviews in Computational Chemistry; Lipkowitz, K. B., Boyd, D. B., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1996; Vol. 8, pp 206-210.

    2. Ford H. L.; Sclafani R. A.; Degregori J. Cell Cycle Regulatory Cascades. In Cell Cycle and Growth Control: Biomolecular Regulation and Cancer, 2nd ed.; Stein G. S., Pardee A. B., Eds.; Wiley-Liss: Hoboken, NJ, 2004; pp 42-67.

    Conference or Seminar Paper

    3. Christensen S.; Oppacher F. An Analysis of Koza's Computational Effort Statistic for Genetic Programming. In Genetic Programming, EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland; Foster J. A., Lutton E., Miller J., Ryan C., Tettamanzi A.G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, 2002; pp 182-191.

    Study Guides and Unit Readers
    Note:     You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In your citations refer to the page numbers from the Reader, if given, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).

    4. Campbell, C. J.; Laherrere, J. H. The End of Cheap Oil. Sci. Am. 1998, 278 (3), 78-83. In Introduction to Energy Studies (PEC190) Unit Reader. Murdoch University: Murdoch, 2006; 129-134.

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    Journal Articles

    Note: Include the names of all authors given. The titles of journals should be abbreviated as they appear in the CAplus Core Journal Coverage List. If a title does not appear in this listing, alternatively check the Chemical Abstracts Service source index (CASSI) and quarterly supplements which are shelved in the Reference Collection at LINK LEVEL 3 R 540 C517 5. Further information regarding journal title abbreviations can be found in the ACS Style Guide, 3rd ed., pp. 291, 294-295.

    The year of publication is given in bold. Volume and page numbers are given but not bolded or labeled. Volume numbers are italicised. For journals in which each issue begins with page 1 include issue information. To indicate a page range use
    123-129, 126-134 or 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only 111.

    Standard format

    #. Author of article, A. A.; Author of article, B. B.; Author of article, C.C. Title of Article. Abbreviated
    Title of Journal     Year, Volume (issue), page number(s).

    Journal article

    1. Klinger, J. Influence of Pretreatment on Sodium Powder. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2755-2768.

    2. Caruso, R. A.; Susha, A.; Caruso, F. Multilayered Titania, Silica, and Laponite Nanoparticle Coatings on Polystyrene Collodial Templates and Resulting Inorganic Hollow Spheres. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 400-409.

    3. Berthod, A.; Ruiz-Angel, M.J.; Carda-Broch, S. Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques. J. Chromatogr., A 2008, 1184
    (1-2), 6-18.

    Organization as author

    4. IARC Working Group. Phenoxy Acid Herbicides and Contaminants: Description of the IARC International Register of Workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1990, 18 (2), 39-45.

    5. IFCC Working Group on Enzymes, Scientific Division. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry: IFCC Methods for Measurement of Catalytic Concentration of Enzymes. Clin. Chim. Acta 1999, 281 (1-2), S5-S39.

    No author given

    6. Calculating Immunity. Sci. Am. 1999, 281 (3), 19.

    Volume with supplement

    7. Atkinson, R. Gas-phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Organic Compounds: A Review. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (Suppl. 1), 200-240.

    Issue with supplement

    8. Philip, J. R. The Theory of Inflitration: 1. The Infiltration Equation and Its Solution. Soil Sci. 2006, 171 (6, Suppl. 1), S34–S46.

    Newspaper article

    9. Lewis C. Under pressure? Blow Off Steam. The Age, Apr 7, 2008, p 12.

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    Electronic Documents

    Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.
    If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific.
    An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.
    The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date cited is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.

    [Contents]

    E-Books

    Standard format

    #. Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. Title of E-book [Online]; Series (if applicable); Publisher: Place, Year; Volume, Page(s). URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

    1. Mikkelsen, S. R.; Cortón, E. Bioanalytical Chemistry [Online]; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2004. http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/cgi-bin/bookhome/107628804 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    2. Matlack, A. S. Introduction to Green Chemistry [Online]; Dekker: New York, 2001. http://0-www.netlibrary.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=68196
    (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Article in an electronic reference book

    3. Cloverly, S. Segmented Flow Analysis. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science [Online]; Elsevier Academic Press, Posted May 25, 2005. http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au:80/science/referenceworks/9780123693976 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    4. Lee, H. C.; Pagliaro, E. M. Serology: Blood Identification. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences [Online]; Academic Press, Posted June 9, 2004. http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au:80/science/referenceworks/
    9780122272158 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    [Contents]

    E-Journals

    Standard format

    #. Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. Title of Article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [Online] Year, Volume, Article number (if given). Database Provider. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

    Journal article from online full-text database

    Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

    1. Calafat, A. M.; Needham, L. L. Factors Affecting the Evaluation of Biomonitoring Data for Human Exposure Assessment. Int. J. Androl. [Online] 2008, 31 (2), 139-143. Blackwell Synergy. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/ (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    2. Bogdanchikova, N.; Simakov, A.; Smolentseva, E.; Pestryakov, A.; Farias, M. H.; Diaz, J. A.; Tompos, A.; Avalos, M. Stabilization of Catalytically Active Gold Species in Fe-modified Zeolites. Appl. Surf. Sci. [Online] 2008, 254 (13), 4075-4083. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)

    3. Zahardis, J., Petrucci, G. A. The Oleic Acid-ozone Heterogeneous Reaction System: Products, Kinetics, Secondary Chemistry, and Atmospheric Implications of a Model System – A Review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. [Online] 2007, 7 (5), 1237-1274. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/issue5.html (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Journal article in electronic journal subscription

    4. Marucho, M.; Kelley, C. T.; Montgomery Pettitt, B. Solutions of the Optimized Closure Integral Equation Theory: Heteronuclear Polyatomic Fluids. J. Chem. Theory Comput. [Online] 2008, 4 (3), 385-396. http://0-pubs.acs.org.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/journals/jctcce/index.html (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Newspaper article from online database

    5. Nicolaou, K. C.; Montagnon, T. The Art and Science of Making Molecules. Straits Times [Online], March 8, 2008. Factiva. http://global.factiva.com (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Newspaper article from the Internet

    6. Austen, I. Bottle Maker to Stop Using Plastic Linked to Health Concerns. New York Times [Online], April 18, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/business/18plastic.html?_r=1&scp=10&sq=chemistry&st=nyt&oref=slogin (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    [Contents]

    Internet Documents

    Standard format

    #. Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. Document Title, Year. Site Name. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

    Professional Internet site

    1. Byrne, C. Molecular Scissors Slice DNA to Isolate Genes, 2006. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). http://csiro.au/files/files/p7i7.pdf (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Personal Internet site

    2. Stanley, F. Information page - Professor Fiona Stanley, 2005. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. http://www.ichr.uwa.edu.au/about/schools/ (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    General Internet site

    3. Dunham, W. Methane Spotted on Distant Planet, 2008. News in Science, ABC online. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/03/20/2195187.htm?site=science (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    [Contents]

    Non-Book Formats

    #. Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate). Title: Subtitle [format]. Series, date of broadcast (if appropriate). Special credits (if appropriate). Publisher: Place of publication, Year.

    Podcasts

    1. Philips, G.; Doherty, P. Meet Nobel Laureate Peter Doherty [Podcast]. Catalyst, April 17, 2008. ABC Television. http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/video/au/catalyst_mp4.xml (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    2. Wanless, E. Surface Chemistry [Podcast]. The Science Show, April 5, 2008. ABC Radio National. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/feeds/science.xml (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    Other Formats

    Microform

    3. Ilievski, D.; et al. Relationship Between Hydrodynamics and Gibbsite Precipitation [Microfiche] / Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia: Perth, 1999.

    DVD

    4. Davis, J. producer, scriptwriter. Chemistry of Carbon [DVD]. Classroom Video: Warriewood, N.S.W., 2005.

    Television Programme

    5. Lazaredes, N. reporter. Frankenstein`s Farm [Television Broadcast]. Dateline, July 25, 2001. Special Broadcasting Service (SBS).

    [Contents]

    Personal Communications

    The entry in the reference list for any form of personal communication including letters, telephone conversations, interviews and e-mails should include the name of the person who is the source of your information, any academic or professional affiliation, and the year of the communication. Additional information about the date of the communication can be given if known.

    1. Saul, B.J. Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Personal communication, July 2002.

    [Contents]

    A Reference List : What It Should Look Like

    The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.

    Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.

    1. Hoppert, M. Microscopic Techniques in Biotechnology; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2003; pp 145-158.

    2. Klinger, J. Influence of Pretreatment on Sodium Powder. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2755-2768.

    3. Ford H. L.; Sclafani R. A.; Degregori J. Cell Cycle Regulatory Cascades. In Cell Cycle and Growth Control: Biomolecular Regulation and Cancer, 2nd ed.; Stein G. S., Pardee A. B., Eds.; Wiley-Liss: Hoboken, NJ, 2004; pp 42-67.

    4. Stocker, J. H., Ed. Chemistry and Science Fiction; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.

    5. Wanless, E. Surface Chemistry. The Science Show, April 5, 2008. ABC Radio National. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/feeds/science.xml (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    6. Berthod, A.; Ruiz-Angel, M.J.; Carda-Broch, S. Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques. J. Chromatogr., A
    2008, 1184 (1-2), 6-18.

    7. Zahardis, J., Petrucci, G. A. The Oleic Acid-ozone Heterogeneous Reaction System: Products, Kinetics, Secondary Chemistry, and Atmospheric Implications of a Model System – A Review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. [Online] 2007, 7 (5), 1237-1274. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/issue5.html (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    8. Caruso, R. A.; Susha, A.; Caruso, F. Multilayered Titania, Silica, and Laponite Nanoparticle Coatings on Polystyrene Collodial Templates and Resulting Inorganic Hollow Spheres. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 400-409.

    9. Graham Solomons, T. W.; Fryhle, C. B. Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2008; pp 827-832.

    10. Almlof, J.; Gropen, O. Relativistic Effects in Chemistry. In Reviews in Computational Chemistry; Lipkowitz, K. B., Boyd, D. B., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1996; Vol. 8, pp 206-210.

    11. American Chemical Society, Committee on Analytical Reageants. Reagent Chemicals: Specifications and Procedures, 10th ed.; Washington, DC, 2006.

    12. Standards Australia. Safety in Laboratories: Microbiological Aspects and Containment Facilities; AS/NZS 2243.3:2002; January 9, 2002.

    13. Bogdanchikova, N.; Simakov, A.; Smolentseva, E.; Pestryakov, A.; Farias, M. H.; Diaz, J. A.; Tompos, A.; Avalos, M. Stabilization of Catalytically Active Gold Species in Fe-modified Zeolites. Appl. Surf. Sci. [Online] 2008, 254 (13), 4075-4083. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    14. Carey, F. A.; Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Springer: New York, 2007; Vol. 2, pp 12-15.

    15. Saul, B.J. Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Personal communication, July 2002.

    16. IFCC Working Group on Enzymes, Scientific Division. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry: IFCC Methods for Measurement of Catalytic Concentration of Enzymes. Clin. Chim. Acta 1999, 281 (1-2), S5-S39.

    17. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2003; p 26.

    18. Nicolaou, K. C.; Montagnon, T. The Art and Science of Making Molecules. Straits Times [Online], March 8, 2008. Factiva. http://global.factiva.com (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    19. Marucho, M.; Kelley, C. T.; Montgomery Pettitt, B. Solutions of the Optimized Closure Integral Equation Theory: Heteronuclear Polyatomic Fluids. J. Chem. Theory Comput. [Online] 2008, 4 (3), 385-396. http://0-pubs.acs.org.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/journals/jctcce/index.html (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    20. Calculating Immunity. Sci. Am. 1999, 281 (3), 19.

    21. Atkinson, R. Gas-phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Organic Compounds: A Review. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (Suppl. 1), 200-240.

    22. Lewis C. Under pressure? Blow Off Steam. The Age, Apr 7, 2008, p 12.

    23. O'Connor, N.; Lewin, K.; Moore, S.; et al. Sediment Chemistry: Macroinvertebrate Fauna Relationships in Urban Streams; LWRRDC occasional paper 15/99; Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation: Canberra, 1999.

    24. Byrne, C. Molecular Scissors Slice DNA to Isolate Genes, 2006. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). http://csiro.au/files/files/p7i7.pdf (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    25. Davis, J. producer, scriptwriter. Chemistry of Carbon [DVD]. Classroom Video: Warriewood, N.S.W., 2005.

    26. Matlack, A. S. Introduction to Green Chemistry [Online]; Dekker: New York, 2001. http://0-www.netlibrary.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=68196
    (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    27. Christensen S.; Oppacher F. An Analysis of Koza's Computational Effort Statistic for Genetic Programming. In Genetic Programming, EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland; Foster J. A., Lutton E., Miller J., Ryan C., Tettamanzi A.G., Eds. Springer: Berlin, 2002; pp 182-191.

    28. Dunham, W. Methane Spotted on Distant Planet, 2008. News in Science, ABC online. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/03/20/2195187.htm?site=science (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    29. Mikkelsen, S. R.; Cortón, E. Bioanalytical Chemistry [Online]; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2004. http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au/cgi-bin/bookhome/107628804 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    30. El Nadi, L., Ed. Modern Trends in Physics Research: First International Conference on Modern Trends in Physics Research, MTPR-04, Cairo, Egypt, 4-9 April 2004; AIP conference proceedings 0748; American Institute of Physics: Melville, N.Y., 2005.

    31. Griffin, E. A.; Verboom, W. H.; Allen, D. G. Paired Site Sampling for Soil Carbon Estimation: Western Australia, National Carbon Accounting System technical report No. 38; Australian Greenhouse Office: Canberra, 2003; pp 125-136..

    32. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Environment Protection Mining and Manufacturing Industries, Australia, 2000–2001; ABS publication 4603.0; Canberra, 2002.

    33. Lee, H. C.; Pagliaro, E. M. Serology: Blood Identification. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences [Online]; Academic Press, Posted June 9, 2004. http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au:80/science/referenceworks/
    9780122272158 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    34. Australia. Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage. Personal Monitoring of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): The Contribution of Woodsmoke to Exposure; Technical report no. 8; Canberra, A.C.T., 2004; pp 6-12.

    35. Cloverly, S. Segmented Flow Analysis. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science [Online]; Elsevier Academic Press, Posted May 25, 2005. http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.prospero.murdoch.edu.au:80/science/referenceworks/9780123693976 (accessed Apr 24, 2008).

    36. Shiers, D. Chemolithotrophic Batch Cultures and Solution Parameters. Chemistry, Honours Thesis, Murdoch University: Murdoch, 2004.

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    Abbreviations

    Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found in the ACS Style Guide, 3rd ed., pp. 158-159. Some of the more often used examples are listed here:A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:

    ed edition
    Ed editor
    et al and others
    no number (series)
    p/pp page/pages (book)
    para paragraph
    rev revised
    Suppl supplement
    vol volume (book)

    [Contents]

    Other Sources of Information

    Note: This list of examples is in no way exhaustive. Only the most often-used types of references are listed here. Refer to the following publications for more information on citing references:

    Coghill, A. M.; Garson, L. R., Eds. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, 3rd ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006.

    American Chemical Society. Reference Style Guidelines, 2007. http://pubs.acs.org/books/references.shtml
    (accessed Apr 29, 2008).

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