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How To Cite References - APA Style

When using EndNote bibliographic software, please use the following output style - APA 5th.

Please remember to check with your unit co-ordinator or tutor before submitting your assignments,
as their style preference may vary from the guidelines presented here.

Murdoch School of Psychology students, please see School of Psychology Referencing Guidelines before using the Library�s APA citation guide.

Updated April 2008

Citation Within The Text

Creating a bibliography or works cited list

Print Documents
Electronic Documents
Non-Book Formats

Podcasts
Other Formats

A Reference List: what should it look like?
Abbreviations
Other sources of information

Citation Within The Text

These guidelines follow the principles and examples given in the 5th edition of the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) and the recent companion publication, APAStyle.org (n.d.).

APA style uses the author-date method when referring to a source of information within the text of a document. In its simplest form, a short citation is given consisting of the name of the author (or authors) and the date of publication. The full details of the source are given in a reference list at the end of the document.

The short, references within the text are given wholly or partly in round brackets. Generally, use only the surname of the author followed by a comma and the year of publication. Include page, chapter or section numbers if you need to be specific. No distinction is made between books, journal articles, web documents or other formats except for electronic documents that do not provide page numbers. In this instance, use the paragraph number if available with the abbreviation para.

For example, a reference to a book appearing in the text as (Kline, 2000, pp. 26-27) would be found in the reference list in the following form:

Kline, P. (2000). The handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.). London, New York: Routledge.

A reference to a journal article appearing as (Foo & Kelso, 2001, p. 222) would be referenced:

Foo, P., & Kelso, J. A. (2001). Goal directed meaning connects perception and specification. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(2), 222 - 223.

A reference to an electronic document would be cited in the text in the same way as a print document. In this example, the web document by (Munro, 1999, para. 12) would be cited in the reference list as:

Munro, C. (1999). Facing grief. Synergy, 3(3). Retrieved 6 November, 2001 from: http://about.murdoch.edu.au/synergy/0303/grief.html

The reference should be placed at the end of the sentence wherever possible. Alternatively, the author's name may be included in the text, and just the date and additional information placed within the brackets.

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Citation within the text - Print Documents

There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are:

Quoting
Quotations must be identical to the original, using a small section of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. When directly quoting from another source, ensure that the relevant page number(s) are given.

If less than 40 words, quotations should be incorporated into the text of your essay or assignment and enclosed within quotation marks.

She stated, "The 'placebo effect' ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found that "'the placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).

If 40 or more words, then the quotation should be indented as a block of text and the quotation marks omitted.

Miele (1993) found the following:
The "placebo effect", which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviours were never exhibited again, even when reel[sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (eg. Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Paraphrasing and Summarising
Both paraphrasing and summarising involve putting information from source material into your own words. Page numbers should be included in the citation of paraphrased or summarised material, in order to assist in locating the relevant passages within the the source material.

When paraphrasing, do not add your own opinion and do not use the original wording. The purpose of paraphrasing is that it flows better with your own writing. Paraphrased material is often shorter than the original passage, taking a larger section of the source and condensing it slightly. When paraphrasing, you must attribute the original source. You are encouraged to include page or paragraph numbers which relate to the portion of the text that you have used, enabling an interested reader to locate the relevant passage in your source material, especially in a long or complex text.

Summarising also involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarised ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. You are encouraged to include page or chapter numbers when summarising.

The following is an example, from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, of how to appropriately paraphrase and summarise to avoid plagiarism:

As stated in the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, the ethical principles of scientific publication are designed to ensure the integrity of scientific knowledge and to protect the intellectual property rights of others. As the Publication Manual explains, authors are expected to correct the record if they discover errors in their publications; they are also expected to give credit to others for their prior work when it is quoted or paraphrased. (p. 349).

Citing the whole of a document
Sometimes it may be necessary to give a general reference to the whole of a source document. This method of referencing is used least often.

Sternberg (2006) explores the basics of cognitive psychology through its coverage of cognitive neuroscience, attention and consciousness, perception, memory, knowledge representation, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and reasoning, cognitive development, and intelligence.

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Citation within the text - Print Documents - Some more examples

Two authors
(Lawson & Green, 1997, pp. 34-35) ...OR
Lawson and Green (1997, pp. 34-35) were unable ...

When the authors names are incorporated into the text the "&" is replaced with "and". Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Three or more authors
The first in text citation of a work with three or more authors gives the surnames of all the authors:
Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman and Rock (2004, p. 301) have found ...

In subsequent citations in the text, only the surname of the first listed author is used, followed by the expression "et al." which means "and others":
Wasserstein et al. (2004, p. 301) have found

If there are more than six authors, only the surname of the first author is used, followed by et al.
Littlewood et al. (1997) have found ... OR
(Littlewood et al., 1997) stated that ...

Please note that in the Reference List or Bibliography, the first six authors' names and initials are given, then after the sixth author's name and initial et al. is used to indicate that there are additional authors.

Volume numbers included
This theory is dealt with in detail by Brysen (2003, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36).

Authors with the same surname
The theory was propounded in 1970 (Larsen A.E., 2001) ... OR
M.K. Larsen (2003) is among those ...

Make a distinction between them by including the author's initials. If the author's surname is incorporated in the text place the initials before the surname; if it is a citation within brackets the initials follow the surname.

Multiple works by the same author in the same year
Bursch (2005a) described how the yak made transport possible in the high mountains of Inner Asia, as did the llama in the Andes of South America (Bursch, 2005b).

A distinction is made by adding lower case letters, a, b, c, etc. to the date. These letters are included in the full reference in the Reference List to distinguish between the two documents.

Corporate author
(CSIRO, 1999) ... OR
As predicted by the Centre of Independent Studies (1997) ...

These are works without a personal author. Corporate authors may be associations, agencies like government departments, corporations or organisations. Names of organisations should be given in full the first time they are cited within the text. In subsequent citations, these names may be abbreviated in the text if the abbreviation is meaningful or well known.

More than one work cited
(Larsen, 1991; Haddon, 1999) ... OR
Larsen (1991) and Haddon (1999) demonstrated that ... OR
(Larsen, 1991, p. 11; Haddon, 1999, vol. 3, p. 734)

No author
This was apparently not the case in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to London, 1683) ... OR
On Travelling to London (1683) reveals that this was not true.

When a work has no author or the author is anonymous, cite in the text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use italics for the title.

No date of publication
Carruthers (n.d.) has suggested ... OR
(Carruthers, n.d.)

Newspapers
(Canberra Times, 24 Jan. 1997, p. B6) ... OR
The Weekend Australian (24-25 Jan. 1997, p. 19) reported ...

If the author of the article is named, cite in the normal way with the author and date. If there is no author given cite the newspaper title in italics. Include the specific date as well as year and page or section numbers if appropriate.

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Citation within the text - Electronic documents

Documents published in electronic formats are cited in the same way as print documents. If the electronic document has an author and date of publication, cite these in the text. The full description of the document (including its electronic source data) will be given in the reference list or bibliography at the end of your essay or assignment.

If page numbers are not given use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific.

If there is no author or date follow the guidelines above for print resources.

In the unlikely case that the document has no author, date or obvious title then the Internet address may be cited in the text.

Whole Internet site
Kidspsych (http://www.kidspsych.org) is a wonderful interactive Internet site for children.

To direct readers to an entire internet site (but not a specific document on the site), it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. Make sure the internet address you provide is current and links to the site. Remember that internet addresses may change.

No page numbers
(Derrida, 1994, section 2, para. 7)

Use a paragraph number if no page numbers are present.

No author, date or title
It has been stated that the problem cannot be solved (http://www.xyz.com).

Please keep in mind that citing information from an Internet page with so few credentials may not be suitable in an academic publication.

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Citation within the text - Personal communications

Personal communications include letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations, emails, messages from discussion lists and electronic bulletin boards.
Citations for this type of material are not included in the reference list because they do not contain recoverable data. Cite personal communications in the text only. Adding "personal communication" to the citation within the text is a useful indicator of the kind of information under discussion.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible.

M. Day (personal communication, July 30, 2000) finds the film meets several criteria ...
OR
Professor Lutes in an email to the author gave details of his clinical experience with this treatment (T. K. Lutes, personal communication, April 18, 2001).

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Creating a bibliography or works cited list

All documents cited in your assignment are listed in a single alphabetical list at the end of the assignment. The list is arranged by the author's surname, or title if no author is given. Only the author's initials are included regardless of the presentation of the author's name in the source document. The given name may be cited in full if it is needed to correctly identify the author, for example, where different authors have the same surname and initials.

Capitalisation practice also should be consistent. Titles and subtitles of journal articles, book parts and book titles are given minimal capitalisation. Only the first letter of the first word of the title (and subtitle, if given) and those words that normally have an initial capital are capitalised. Journal titles are given maximal capitalisation. All words other than prepositions, conjunctions, and definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) are capitalised. Journal and book titles are italicised or if handwritten underlined.

Print Documents

Books

Standard format for citation

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). (Volume(s).). Place of publication: Publisher.

Single author
Matthews, J. (1999). The art of childhood and adolescence: The construction of meaning. London: Falmer Press.

Two authors
Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). A challenge to change. London: Thorsons.

Three or more authors
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Edited work
Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (1999). Coping: The psychology of what works. New York: Oxford University Press.

Later edition
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (2000). Television: The critical view (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

No author
The Blackwell dictionary of cognitive psychology. (1991). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

No date of publication
Mandl, H., et al. (Eds.). (n.d.). Learning and instruction: European research in an international context. (Vol. 2). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

Two or more books by the same author published in the same year
Kubler-Ross, E. (1993a). AIDS: The ultimate challenge. New York: Collier Books.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1993b). Questions and answers on death and dying. New York: Collier Books.

Multivolume work
Russell, B. (1967). The autobiography of Bertrand Russell (Vols. 1-3). London: Allen & Unwin.

Translation
Bonino S., Cattelino E., & Ciairano, S. (2005). Adolescents and risk: Behavior, functions, and protective factors. (L. McDonald, Trans.). Milan, Italy : Springer. (Original work published 2003).

Thesis or dissertation
Milnes, G. M. (1998). Adolescent depression: The use of generative instruction to increase rational beliefs and decrease irrational beliefs and depressed mood. Unpublished M.Appl.Psy. thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.

Conference (complete conference proceedings with editors)
Bickman, L., & Ellis, H. (Eds.). (1990). Preparing psychologists for the 21st century: Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology, 1988, University of Utah. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum.

Organisation
American Educational Research Association. (1985). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Government publication
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (1999). Australia's young people: Their health and wellbeing, the report on the health of young people aged 12-24 years. Canberra, Australia: AIHW.

Government departments
Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (1999). Mental health: A report focusing on depression, 1998. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

Western Australia. Office of Citizenship and Multicultural Interests. (2000). 2000 migrant services directory: A Western Australian guide for migrants and service providers. Perth, Australia: Office of Citizenship and Multicultural Interests.

Please Note: Documents authored by government departments are cited following the jurisdiction they report to. Precede the department name with Australia., Western Australia., etc.

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Parts of a book

These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).
Only the first letter of the first word of the title of the chapter or part is capitalised.

Standard format for citation

Author of Part, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition., inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

Article/chapter in a book
Payne, S. (1999). 'Dangerous and different': Reconstructions of madness in the 1990s and the role of mental health policy. In S. Watson & L. Doyal (Eds.), Engendering social policy (pp. 180-195). Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Article in an encyclopaedia, no author
Mental disorders and their treatment. (1987). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (5th ed., Vol. 23, pp. 956-975). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Conference or seminar paper
Rowling, L. (1993, September). Schools and grief: How does Australia compare to the United States. In Wandarna coowar: Hidden grief: Proceedings of the 8th National Conference of the National Association for Loss and Grief (Australia), Yeppoon, Queensland (pp. 196-201). Turramurra, NSW: National Association for Loss and Grief.

Study Guides and Unit Readers
Note: If an article is reproduced in a Unit reader with full original pagination and bibliographic details, you may cite it as you would the original material. However, you should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes if the original material is not reproduced in full with full bibliographic details, you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from a Unit Reader without the original pagination, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In your citations refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers.

Gilbert, E. (2001, December 15). It�s a guy thing. Good Weekend. Reprinted in Bodies, sex and power (WOM104) study guide and unit reader 2004 (pp. 59-64). Murdoch: Murdoch University.

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Journal Articles

Arrange information about the source in the order given in the example below. Only the first word of the article title is capitalized. If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number. Precede page numbers for newspapers only with p. or pp.

Standard format for citation

Article Author, A. A., & Article Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number if necessary), inclusive page numbers.

Journal article
Parker, G., & Roy, K. (2001). Adolescent depression: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 572-580.

Newspaper article
Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill: Who is the victim when a battered woman kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6.

Magazine article with no author
The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New Scientist, 172(2311), 27.

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Electronic documents

References to electronic publications begin with the same information that would be provided for a printed source. Additional information must be provided (depending on the type of electronic publication) to correctly identify that you accessed the document in an electronic format.

An electronic publication could be a World Wide Web site, an email, a journal article published on the Web, or a journal article retrieved from one of the full text databases available from the Library homepage. Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats. Please cite according to the format you accessed.

Be aware that pagination may not be specified for many online publications. The number of the starting page can be included in your citation if it is given, and/or the number of pages in the document. For example: p. 7+ or (5 pp.).

The elements listed below may be a useful guide to what you need to record when citing an electronic document.

name of author(s) if given
year or date of publication (or date site was created or updated)
title of document
title of web site or database
pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)
date you accessed the site
web address (if appropriate)

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E-Books

Use the descriptive elements listed in the example below to cite e-books retrieved from the library catalogue.

Author, A., and Author, B.(date of original publication). Title of e-book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Retrieved date from Source: url.

Eckes, T. (2000). The developmental social psychology of gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Retrieved October 22, 2004 from netLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com.

Bass, L., Clements, P., & Kazman, R. (2003). Software architecture in practice (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Retrieved October 22, 2004 from Safari: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/.

Article from an Electronic Encyclopaedia
Suffragettes. (2003). In J. Palmowski (Ed.), A dictionary of contemporary world history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 22, 2004, from Oxford Reference Online.

Lai, M. C. C. (1999). Hepatitis delta virus. In A. Granoff & R. Webster (Eds.), Encyclopedia of virology (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic. Retrieved October 22, 2004, from ScienceDirect.

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E-Journals

Journal article from full text database
Full text databases include ProQuest, EAI, and Wiley Interscience to name a few. Please remember that the journals in full text databases may be accessed with hot-links from the library web catalogue or from the Electronic Course Materials service. Once linked to the journal, check the screen to see if it is from a database. Journals in full text databases are usually not free on the internet but are purchased on subscription by the library. For this reason the Database name is cited rather than the web address.

Use the elements listed in the example below to cite journal articles retrieved from the library's full text databases.

Standard format for citation

Article Author, A. A., & Article Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Retrieved month day, year, from Database name.

Patton, G. C., et al. (1996). Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers? American Journal of Public Health, 86, 225+. Retrieved November 20, 2001, from ProQuest.

King, R. A., et al. (2001). Psychosocial and risk behavior correlates of youth suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 837+. Retrieved November 20, 2001, from Academic OneFile.

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES.

Newspaper article from fulltext database
Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen as suicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from Factiva.

Journal article from the World Wide Web

Unlike journal articles from full text databases these are often freely available on the web. Some publishers offer recent issues for free and earlier issues for a subscription fee.

Standard format for citation

Article Author, A. A., & Article Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article [Version if appropriate]. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Retrieved month day, year, from Web address.

Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers [Electronic version]. BMJ, 323, 480-484. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.bmj.com

Newspaper article from World Wide Web
Kerin, J. (2000, December 11). Doctors damn teen novel approach [Electronic version]. The Australian, p. 4. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.theaustralian.com.au

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Internet Documents

Cite documents published on the web according to the specific guidelines for the type of document. Books, plays, government reports and company annual reports are examples of documents that may be published on the web.

Please note: If no author or editor is given and the document is not a part, article or chapter, citation is by title, and format will precede the year of publication.

Standard format for citation

Author, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved month day, year, from Source or supplier information: Web address

Whole Internet site
Goldberg, I. (2000). Dr. Ivan's depression central. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html

Electronic document, no author
How to cite references (1996). Retrieved November 21, 2001, from Murdoch University Library website: http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refgdes/cite/cite.html

Article in online encyclopaedia, no author
Depression (psychology) (2001). In Microsoft Encarta online encyclopedia 2002. Microsoft. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://encarta.ninemsn.com.au

Government publication (Australian Bureau of Statistics bulletin)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1997). Mental health and wellbeing: Profile of adults, Western Australia [Electronic version] cat. no. 4326.5. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from AusStats: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats

AusStats is an example of a full text database that makes statistical data freely available on the Internet.

Government publication (Government department)
Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (2000). National youth suicide prevention strategy [Electronic version]. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.health.gov.au/hsdd/mentalhe/sp/nysps/about.htm

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Non-Book Formats

Standard format for citation

Artist, A. A. (Credit), & Artist, B. B. (Credit). (Year of copyright, Date of recording). Title: Subtitle [format]. Place of recording: Publisher. (Year of recording if different from year of copyright).

Please note: format normally follows the title or part title.

Podcasts

Brown, W. (Presenter)., Brodie, K. (Presenter)., & George, P. (Producer). (2007, June 4). From Lake Baikal to the halfway mark, Yekaterinburg. Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xml

Gary, S. (Presenter). (2007, December 23). Black hole death ray. StarStuff [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml

Other Formats

DVD
Moore, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine. [DVD]. Melbourne: AV Channel.

Radio Programme
Browning, D. (Presenter). (2006, June 9). Black soccer heroes. Message Stick [Radio programme]. Guest speaker Dr. John Maynard. Sydney: ABC Radio.

Television Programme
Masters, Chris. (Presenter). (2006, March 27). Big Fish, Little Fish. Four Corners [Television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television.

Video recording
Russell, G. (Writer, Producer and Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Producer). (1995). Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video recording]. Melbourne, Australia: Video Classroom.

Sound recording
Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental history [Cassette recording]. Perth, Australia: Media Services, Murdoch University.

Microform
French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of training in the elderly (Ph.D. thesis - University of Illinois, 1980) [Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

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A Reference List: what should it look like?

Please note the hanging indent for each reference makes the alphabetical sequence more obvious.

American Educational Research Association. (1985). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (1999). Mental health: A report focusing on depression, 1998. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (2000). National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy [Electronic version]. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.health.gov.au/hsdd/mentalhe/sp/nysps/about.htm.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1997). Mental health and wellbeing: Profile of adults, Western Australia [Electronic version], cat. no. 4326.5. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from AusStats, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (1999). Australia's young people: Their health and wellbeing, the report on the health of young people aged 12-24 years. Canberra, Australia: AIHW.

Bickman, L., & Ellis, H. (Eds.). (1990). Preparing psychologists for the 21st century: Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology, 1988, University of Utah. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum.

The Blackwell dictionary of cognitive psychology. (1991). Oxford: Blackwell.

Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental history [Cassette recording]. Perth: Media Services Murdoch University.

Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K. & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers [Electronic version]. BMJ, 323, 480-484. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.bmj.com.

Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). A challenge to change. London: Thorsons.

Depression (psychology) (2001). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2002. Microsoft. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://encarta.ninemsn.com.au.

Evans, R. (1973). Labor market information in Japanese labor markets. In Industrialization and manpower policy in Asian countries: Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Industrial Relations, Tokyo, Japan, 1973 (pp. 157-72). Tokyo: Japan Institute of Labour.

French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of training in the elderly (Ph.D. thesis - University of Illinois, 1980). [Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

Goldberg, I. (2000). Dr. Ivan's depression central. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html.

How to cite references. (1996). Retrieved November 21, 2001, from Murdoch University Library website: http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refgdes/cite/cite.html.

Kerin, J. (2000, December 11). Doctors damn teen novel approach [Electronic version]. The Australian, p. 4. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from http://www.theaustralian.com.au.

Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill: Who is the victim when a battered woman kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6.

Kubler-Ross, E. (1993a). AIDS: The ultimate challenge. New York: Collier Books.

Kubler-Ross, E. (1993b). Questions and answers on death and dying. New York: Collier Books.

Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen as suicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26. Retrieved November 21, 2001, from Factiva.

Mandl, H., et al. (Eds.). (n.d.). Learning and instruction: European research in an international context (Vol. 2). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

Matthews, J. (1999). The art of childhood and adolescence: The construction of meaning. London: Falmer Press.

Mental disorders and their treatment. (1987). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (5th ed., Vol. 23, pp. 956-975). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Milnes, G. M. (1998). Adolescent depression: The use of generative instruction to increase rational beliefs and decrease irrational beliefs and depressed mood. Unpublished M.Appl.Psy. thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.

Newcomb, H. (Ed.) (2000). Television: The critical view (6th ed). New York: Oxford University Press.

The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New Scientist, 172(2311), 27.

Parker, G., & Roy, K. (2001). Adolescent depression: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 572-580.

Patton, G. C., et al. (1996). Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers? American Journal of Public Health, 86, 225+. Retrieved November 20, 2001, from ProQuest.

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Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found in Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed., pp. 216-217. Some of the more often used examples are listed here:

chap. chapter

ed. edition

Ed.(Eds.) Editor(s)
et al. and others (from Latin et alii, et aliae)

n.d. no date of publication

No. Number

p. (pp.) page(s)

para. paragraph

Pt. Part

Rev. revised

Suppl. Supplement

Trans. translator(s)

Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)

vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.)

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Other sources of information

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
LINK LEVEL 3 R 808.02 AME 2001

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APAStyle.org: a product of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 27, 2001, from http://www.apastyle.org
[Click here to go to website]

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