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| When using EndNote bibliographic software, please use the following output style - Chicago 15th B. |
| Please remember to check with your unit co-ordinator or tutor before submitting your assignments, as their style preference may vary from the guidelines presented here. |
Updated February 2008
These guidelines follow the principles, and rely upon the examples, where possible, given in the Chicago Manual of Style (2003). This manual constitutes the authoritative international guide to publication standards and style.
The Chicago style, when referring to a source of information within the text of a document, in its simplest form, gives a short citation consisting of the name of the author (or authors) and the date of publication. The full details of the source are given in a reference list at the end of the document.
The short, in text references are given wholly or partly in parentheses (round brackets). Generally use only the family name of the author, followed by the year of publication and any relevant page numbers. No distinction is made between books, journal articles, web documents or other formats.
For example, a reference to a book appearing in the text as (Ogilvie 1998, 26-28) would be found in the reference list in the following form:
Ogilvie, Timothy H. 1998. Large Animal Internal Medicine. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
A reference to a journal article appearing in the text as (Morgan & Thompson 1998, 243) would be referenced in the reference list at the end of an assignment as:
Morgan, U. M., and R.C. A. Thompson. 1998. PCR Detection of Cryptosporidium - The Way Forward. Parasitology Today 14 (6): 241-245.
A reference to an electronic document would be cited in the text in the same way as a print document. In this example, the internet document by Raidal & Dunsmore (1996, 13) would be cited in the reference list as:
Raidal, Shane R., and Jon Dunsmore. 1996. Parasites of Companion Birds: A Survey of Alimentary Tract Parasites in Caged Psittacine Birds with Specific Reference to the Prevalence of Trichomonas Gallinae. http://wwwvet.murdoch.edu.au/caf/parasit.htm (accessed July 14, 1998).
There are two options for in text references. Firstly, the reference can be placed at the end of the sentence wholly in parentheses. Alternatively, the author's name may be integrated into the text, and just the date and additional information placed within the brackets. See examples of both of these options in the next section below.
There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are:
1. Quoting
Quotations must be identical to the original, including punctuation, using a small section of the source.
They must match the source document
word for word, be enclosed within quotation marks, and must be attributed to the original author with an in text citation.
When directly quoting
from another source, ensure that the relevant page number(s) are given.
Short quotes
Longer quotesLarsen (1991, 245) stated that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect".
In general, avoid using too many long quotes and remember to introduce or integrate quotations smoothly into the rest of your assignment.
You may choose to indent a larger block of quoted text. Such blocks of quoted texts usually consist of more than one sentence or more than 40 words. Blocks of quoted texts should be indented from the left margin only, single spaced and may be one point smaller than the standard font size.
Example - Wider applications are increasingly being found for many drugs such as invermectin. For example, Crump (2006, 53) confirms that:Ivermectin - already used extensively in animal health and in eliminating onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, two of the most disfiguring and deleterious human diseases - is now being used commercially for the treatment of strongyloidiasis, mites and scabies.
2. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from the source material into your own words. A paraphrase must
also be attributed to the original source with an in text citation. When paraphrasing, keep the meaning the same but do not use the original
wording. The purpose of paraphrasing is that it flows better with your own writing. You generally need to
change both the sentence structure and the expression, using synonyms or alternative expressions. Paraphrased
material may be as long (or even longer) than the original source material. However, it is often
shorter than the original passage, taking a larger section of the source and condensing it slightly. When
paraphrasing,
you must also include the page number(s) which relate to portion of the text that you have used.
Original - "Named for James Brady, the White House press secretary who was shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. during the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in March 1981, the Brady Bill establishes a national waiting period and background check for the purchase of a handgun" (Bender 1995, 137).
Paraphrase - Bender (1995) explains that the introduction of a waiting period and a background check for people buying handguns in the US, is due to the Brady Bill. The bill was named after White House aide James Brady, who was wounded during an assassination attempt on President Reagan (137).
3. Summarising
Summarising is condensing longer text to a much briefer version. It involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it
is necessary to attribute summarised ideas to the original source with an in text citation. Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the source material. Page numbers should be given when summarising.
Original - "At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee's back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match" (Mantex 1999, 1-2).
Summary - Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may inspire hooliganism among spectators (Mantex 1999, 1-2).
In this example, a longer paragraph of approximately 100 words is reduced to a short sentence of nine words.
4. Citing the Whole of a Document
Sometimes it may be necessary to give a general reference to the whole of a source document. This method of
referencing is used least often.
The theory was first propounded in 1990 (Larsen 1991) … OR
Larsen (1991) was the first to propound the theory.
Two or three authors
(Simmons and Green 1987, 26) … OR
(Lester, Brown and Withers 1987, 26)
Simmons and Green (1987, 26) were unable … OR
Lester, Brown and Withers (1987, 26) agreed ....
More than three authors
Forman and others (1987, 62-63) have found … OR
(Forman et al. 1987, 62-63)
This is the citation for a work by Forman, Jones, Witham and Gonzales. Only the surname of the first listed author is used, followed either by "and others" or more commonly in science "et al.". Although "et al." is a Latin phrase, in Chicago style it is not italicised. Please note that all authors' names are listed in the Reference List or Bibliography.
Page numbers and volume numbers included
The theory was first propounded in 1990 (Larsen 1991, 245) … OR
Larsen (1991, 245-7) was the first to propound the theory … OR
This theory is dealt with in detail by Johnson (2003, 2: 23; 3:
17-36).
For multivolume publications include the date, then a comma, followed by the volume number, then a colon and the page number(s).
Authors with the same surname
The theory was propounded in 1990 (A.E. Larsen 1991) … OR
M.K. Larsen (2003) is among those …
Make a distinction between them by including the authors' initials. Place the initials before the family name.
Multiple works by the same author in the same year
Bursch (2005a, 14) described how the yak made transport possible in the high mountains of Inner Asia, as did the
llama in the Andes of South America (Bursch 2005b, 231).
A distinction is made in by adding lower case letters, a, b, c, etc. to the date. These letters are included in the full reference in the Reference List to distinguish between the two documents.
Corporate author
(CSIRO 1999) … OR
As predicted by the Centre of Independent Studies (1997) …
These are works without a personal author. Corporate authors may be associations, agencies like government departments or agencies, corporations or organisations. These names may be abbreviated in the text if the abbreviation is meaningful or well known.
More than one work cited
(Larsen 1991; Haddon 2001) … OR
Larsen (1991) and Haddon (2001) demonstrated that … OR
(Larsen 1991, 11; Haddon 2001, 3: 734)
No author
This was apparently not the case in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to London 1683, 321) … OR
On Travelling to London (1683, 321) reveals that this was not true.
When a work has no author or the author is anonymous, cite in-text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use italics for the title.
No date of publication
Carruthers (n.d.) has suggested … OR
(Carruthers n.d.)
Newspapers
If the author of the article is named, cite in the normal way with the author and year of publication.
If there is no author given, cite the newspaper title in italics.
Include the specific date as well as year and page or section numbers if
appropriate.
(Canberra Times 24 Jan. 1997, B6) … OR
The Weekend Australian (24-25 Jan. 1997, 19) reported …
Documents published in electronic formats are cited in the same way as print documents. If the electronic document has an author and date of publication, use these for the in-text citation. The full description of the document (including its electronic source data) will be given in the reference list or bibliography at the end of your essay or assignment.
If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific.
If there is no author or date, follow the guidelines above for print resources.
Electronic books
An electronic book listed in a reference list as:
Pretty, Jules N. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Self-Reliance. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052467/html/index.html (accessed June 12, 2006).
could be cited in the text of an assignment as Pretty (1995, 262-264) or (Pretty 1995, 262-264).
Electronic journals
An electronic journal listed in a reference list as:
Fitzgerald, Greg. 1999. The GST and Electronic Commerce in Australia. E Law 6(3): 6+. http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v6n3/fitzgerald63.txt (accessed June 30, 2001).
could be cited in the text of an assignment as Fitzgerald (1999, 7) or (Fitzgerald 1999, 7).
Internet sites
The internet document listed in a reference list as:
Raidal, Shane R., and Jon Dunsmore. 1996. Parasites of Companion Birds: A Survey of Alimentary Tract Parasites in Caged Psittacine Birds with Specific Reference to the Prevalence of Trichomonas Gallinae. http://wwwvet.murdoch.edu.au/caf/parasit.htm (accessed July 14, 1998).
could be cited in the text of an assignment as Raidal & Dunsmore (1996, 13) or (Raidal & Dunsmore 1996, 13).
The internet document listed in a reference list as:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2000. Livestock Products, Australia, March Quarter, Cat. no. 7215.0, AusStats. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats (accessed July 28, 2000).
could be cited in the text of an assignment as the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000, sec. 3, par. 2) or (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2000, sec. 3, par. 2).
No Page Numbers
(Derrida 1994, sec. 2, par. 7)
Use a paragraph number if no page numbers are present
No Author, Date or Title
In the unlikely case that the document has no author, date or obvious title then the internet address may be cited in the text:
Kidspsych (http://www.kidspsych.org) is a wonderful interactive Internet site for children.
It has been stated that the problem cannot be solved (http://www.xyz.com).
To direct readers to an entire internet site (but not a specific document on the site), it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. Make sure the internet address you provide is current and links to the site. Remember that internet addresses may change.
Note: information from an internet page with such limited publication details may not be appropriate to include in academic research. All internet resources should be evaluated carefully. Criteria for evaluating internet sites include:
In a telephone conversation with the author on October 12, 2005, Dr J. W. Mueller stated that ...
OR
Professor Visser gave his reasons for closing the laboratory in an e-mail message to the author on
January 16, 2004. The reasons given were...
All documents cited in your assignment are listed in a single alphabetical list at the end of the assignment. The list is arranged by the author's family name or title if no author is present. The authors' names are given as they appear on the publication you have used.
Capitalisation practice also should be consistent. Titles are given maximal capitalisation. All words other than prepositions, conjunctions, and definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) are capitalised. Journal and book titles are italicised or if handwritten underlined.
| Author, A., and B. Author, eds. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Name of Publisher . |
Single author
Adam-Smith, Patsy. 1978. The ANZACS. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson.
Two authors or editors
Butler, J. Douglas, and David F. Walbert, eds. 1986. Abortion, Medicine and the Law. New York:
Facts on File Publications.
Three or more authors or editors
Millon, Theodore, Roger Davis, Carrie Millon, Luis Escovar, and Sarah Meagher. 2000. Personality Disorders in
Modern Life. New York: Wiley.
No author
The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary. 1992. 2nd ed. Melbourne:
Oxford University Press.
No Date of publication
Bligh, Beatrice. n.d. Cherish the Earth. Sydney: Macmillan.
Edited translation (where role of editor or translator is of chief
importance)
West, T. G., ed. & trans. 1980. Symbolism: An anthology.
London: Methuen.
Translation
Proust, Marcel. 1970. Jean Santeuil. trans. G. Hopkins. New York: Simon &
Schuster.
Two or more books by the same author published in the same year
Gilbert, Sandra M. 1972a. Acts of Attention: The Poems of D. H. Lawrence. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press.
Gilbert, Sandra M. 1972b. Emily's Bread: Poems. New York: Norton.
Multivolume work
Russell, Bertrand. 1967. The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell. 3 vols. London:
Allen & Unwin.
Thesis or Dissertation
Neuenfeldt, Karl Wm. 1994. Sounding silences: Ethnogenesis, ethno-pop music and indigenous peoples. PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology.
Please note: do not use italics or capitalise the title of an unpublished document.
Entry in an encyclopaedia/dictionary
When referring to a well-known alphabetically arranged work such as an
encyclopaedia or dictionary, the citation should be incorporated into the text.
Example: "In his article on multiculturalism in the 2003 edition of The Oxford Companion to Australian History, John Lack ...."
These items are not then listed in a bibliography or reference list (Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.238).
Conference (complete conference proceedings with editors)
Hall, Kira, Michael Meacham and Richard Shapiro, ed. 1989. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 18-20, 1989: General Session and Parasession on Theoretical Issues in Language Reconstruction. Berkeley:
Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Organisation
Ansett Transport Industries Ltd. 1984. Annual Report 1983-84. Melbourne:
ATI.
Government publication
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1985. Projections of the Population of Australia, States and Territories, 1984 to 2021,
Cat. no. 3222.0. Canberra: ABS.
Government Departments
Australia. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. 1989. Programs in Action for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Achievements. Canberra: AGPS.
Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority. 1998. Industrial Infrastructure and Harbour Development, Jervoise Bay. Bulletin 908. Perth: EPA.
Please Note: Documents authored by government departments are most usefully cited following the jurisdiction they report to - i.e. precede the Department name with Australia, Western Australia, etc. For further information please refer to section 17.293 of the Chicago Manual of Style.
These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual
title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others.
Only the first letter of the first word of the title of the chapter or part and proper nouns are capitalized.
| Author of Part, A. Year. Title of chapter or part. In Title: Subtitle of Book, Edition, ed. A. Editor and B. Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher. |
Article/chapter in a book
Dovey, Jon. 2001. Reality TV. In The Television Genre Book, ed. Glen Creber, 134-137. London:
British Film Institute.
Rapping, Elayne. 2004. Aliens, nomads, mad dogs, and road warriors: The changing face of criminal violence on TV. In Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, ed. Susan Murray and Laurie Ouellette, 214-230. New York: New York University Press.
Conference or Seminar Paper
Singh, Kamal, and Gary Best. 2004. Film induced tourism: Motivations of visitors to the Hobbiton movie set as featured in 'The
Lord of the Rings'. In Proceedings of the 1st International Tourism and Media Conference, Melbourne, 2004,
98-111. Melbourne: Tourism Research Unit, Monash University.
Study Guides and Unit Readers
Note: If an article is reproduced in a Unit reader with full original pagination and bibliographic
details, you may cite it as you would the original material. However, you should not cite from Unit
Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes if the original material is not reproduced in full with full
bibliographic details, you should go to the original source of the information. If you
do need to cite articles from a Unit Reader without the original pagination, treat the Reader articles as if
they were book or journal articles. In your citations
refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not
the original page numbers.
Mendes, Philip. 1988. Key principles of community work. Community Quarterly 47. Reprinted in Approaches to Community Development (COD125) Unit Reader 2004, 99-103. Murdoch: Murdoch University.
Provide the following descriptive elements in the order given in the example below. Only the first word of the article title and proper nouns are capitalized. The issue number is given in parentheses, but is omitted if page numbers are continuous throughout a volume. The issue number is also unnecessary when a month or season precedes the year.
| Article Author, A., and B. Article Author. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal volume number (issue number): inclusive page numbers. |
Journal article
Kerr, Stephen J., Andrea Mant, Fiona E. Horn, Kevin McGeechan, and Geoffrey P. Sayer. 2003. Lessons from early
large-scale adoption of Celecoxib and Rofecoxib by Australian general practitioners. Medical Journal of Australia
179: 403-407.
Allison, Gary W. 1999. The implications of experimental design for biodiversity manipulations. American Naturalist 153 (1): 26-45.
Anonymous article
Note: Do not use Anonymous as the authors' name unless the article is signed "Anonymous" or if you need to include a series of anonymous articles in a reference list.
Who will regulate the veterinary profession of the future? 2004. Veterinary Record 154: 450-451.
Newspaper article
Eccleston, Roy. 2006. Generation XXL. Weekend
Australian Magazine, June 10-11: 16-19.
References to electronic publications begin with the same information that would be provided for a printed source. Additional information must be provided (depending on the type of electronic publication) to correctly identify that you accessed the document in an electronic format.
An electronic publication could be an Internet site, an email, a journal article published on the Internet, or a journal article retrieved from one of the full text databases available from the Library. Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats. Please cite according to the format you accessed.
Be aware that pagination may not be specified for many online publications. The number of the starting page can be included in your citation if it is given, and/or the number of pages in the document. For example: p. 7+ or (5 pp.) The descriptive elements listed below may be a useful guide to what you need to record when citing an electronic document.
**If you are not sure whether the document you wish to cite is online, ask at the library Reference Desk.
[Contents]
Use the descriptive elements listed in the example below to cite e-books. A URL is not required for items to which the Library subscribes.
| Author, A., and B. Author. Date of original publication. Title of e-book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Source. Web address (accessed date) [if appropriate]. |
Bass, Len, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. 2003. Software Architecture in Practice. 2nd ed. Reading MA: Addison Wesley. Safari e-book.
Eckes, Thomas. 2000. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. netLibrary e-book.
Pretty, Jules N. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Self-Reliance. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052467/html/index.html (accessed June 12, 2006).
Parpart, Jane L., M. Patricia Connelly, and V. Eudine Barriteau, eds. 2000. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9419-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (accessed May 21, 2005).
Article from an Electronic Encyclopaedia/Dictionary
In the same manner as print editions, references to electronic versions of encyclopedias and dictionaries, should be
incorporated into the text of the essay or assignment and not included in the bibliography.
[Contents]
Journal article from full text database
Full text databases include ProQuest,
EAI, and Wiley Interscience to name a few. Please remember that the
journals in full text databases may be accessed using links from the library web catalogue or from
Electronic Course Materials. Once linked to the journal, check the screen to see if it is
from a database. Journals in full text databases are usually not free on the
internet but are purchased on subscription by the library. For this reason the
Database name is cited as well as the URL.
Note: When including the internet address, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.
Use the descriptive elements listed in the example below to cite journal articles retrieved from the library's full text databases.
| Article Author, A., and B. Article Author. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal volume number (issue number): inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Database name. Web address of main entrance of the service (accessed date). |
Mayor, Susan. 2000. Cloned calves are grown from cultured cells. British Medical Journal 320: 136+. ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com (accessed June 30, 2001).
Stelljes, Kathryn Barry. 1994. Diagnosing the tough ones. Agricultural Research 42 (8): 4+. Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com (accessed November 12, 1999).
Newspaper article from full text database
Fannin, Penny. 2002. Mechanical heart tested. The Age, April 29.
Factiva. http://global.factiva.com (accessed July 10, 2001).
Journal article from the Internet
Unlike journal articles from full text
databases these are often freely available on the web. Some publishers offer
recent issues for free and earlier issues for a subscription fee.
| Article Author, A., and B. Article Author. Year. Title of Article. Title of Journal volume number (issue number): inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Web address (accessed date). |
Fitzgerald, Greg. 1999. The GST and electronic commerce in Australia. E Law 6(3): 6+. http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v6n3/fitzgerald63.txt (accessed June 30, 2001).
Newspaper Article from Internet
Megalogenis, George. 1999. Women win the jobs race. The Australian, 12 November:
13. http://www.theaustralian.com.au (accessed November 12, 1999).
Cite documents published on the internet according to the specific guidelines for the type of document. Books, plays, government reports and company annual reports are examples of documents that may be published on the Internet.
Please note: If no author or editor is given, the title will precede the year of publication.
| Author, A. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Source or supplier information. Web address (accessed date). |
Whole Internet site
Australia. Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology. 2001. Climate Information. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate
(accessed July 14, 2001).
Electronic document, no author
How to Cite References. 1996. Murdoch: Murdoch University Library. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refgdes/cite/cite.html
(accessed July 14, 1998).
Government publication (Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin)
Australian
Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Australian Farming in Brief. Bulletin, Cat. no.
7106.0, AusStats. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats (accessed July 6, 2001).
AusStats is an example of a full text database that offers data, in this case the full text of Australian Bureau of Statistics publications freely on the Internet.
Government publication (Government Department)
Western Australia. Department
of Environmental Protection. 1998. Environment Western Australia 1998 : State
of the Environment Report 1998.
http://www.environ.wa.gov.au/publications/report.asp?id=7&catid=25&pubid=1064 (accessed February 28, 2000).
| Performer or Presenter, A. Year. Title : Subtitle. format. Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date of recording. |
Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.
Gary, Stuart. 2007. Black Hole Death Ray. StarStuff. podcast radio programme. Sydney: ABC News Radio, December 23. http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml (accessed February 4, 2008).
Television Programme
Masters, Chris. 2006. Big Fish, Little Fish. Four Corners. television program.
Sydney: ABC Television, March 27.
DVD
Bowling for Columbine. 2003. DVD. Written and directed by Michael Moore. Melbourne: AV Channel.
Video Recording
Attenborough, David. 1990. Life on Earth: A Natural History. videorecording. Produced by Richard Brock and John
Sparks. US: Warner Home Video.
Radio Programme
Browning, Daniel. 2006. Black Soccer Heroes. Message Stick. radio program. Guest speaker Dr. John Maynard. Sydney: ABC Radio, June 9.
Microform
Bunny, F. 1995. Biology and ecology of Phytophthora citricola. In Native
Plant Communities Affected By Mining. microfiche. East Perth, W.A.: MERIWA.
Please note:
Attenborough, David. 1990. Life on Earth: A Natural History. videorecording. Produced by Richard Brock and John Sparks. US: Warner Home Video.
Australia. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2007. Biosecurity: Protect Your Animals and Produce from Pests and Disease. http://www.daffa.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pests-diseases-weeds/biosecurity (accessed September 13, 2007).
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2000. Livestock Products, Australia, March Quarter, Cat. no. 7215.0, AusStats. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats (accessed July 28, 2000).
Bita, Natasha. 2006. Bird flu outbreaks may be hidden. The Australian, June 1: 3. http://www.theaustralian.com.au (accessed November 12, 2006).
Bunny, F. 1995. Biology and ecology of Phytophthora citricola. In Native Plant Communities Affected By Mining. microfiche. East Perth, W.A.: MERIWA.
Carneiro, P.C. F., S.M. Cirio, and M. Schorer. 2006. Pathological study of jundia fingerlings experimentally infected by ich and submitted to conventional treatments. Archives of Veterinary Science 11(1): 33-38.
Castillo-Olivares, Javier, and James Wood. 2004. West Nile virus infection of horses. Veterinary Research 35: 467-483.
Duncan, J. Robert, Keith W. Prasse, and Edward A. Mahaffey. 1994. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. 3rd ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Fisher, Maggie. 1996. Guarding against Giardia. Vet On-Line: The International Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12 (1): 16-22. http://www.priory.com/vet.htm (accessed July 14, 1998).
Foster, J. D., and A. G. Dickinson. 1988a. The unusual properties of CH1641, a sheep passaged isolate of Scrapie. Veterinary Record 123: 5-8.
Foster, J. D., and A. G. Dickinson.1988b. Genetic control of Scrapie in Cheviot and Suffolk sheep. Veterinary Record 123: 159.
Grubman, Marvin J. 2005. Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: Marker vaccines and antivirals. Biologicals 33: 237-244. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (accessed Septmber 17, 2006).
How to Cite References. 1996. Murdoch: Murdoch University Library. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refgdes/cite/cite.html (accessed July 14, 1998).
Joshi, Nanda P., and Thomas H. Herdt, eds. 2006. Production Diseases in Farm Animals: 12th International Conference. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Kaplan, Melissa. 2007. Melissa Kaplan's Herps and Zoonoses and Related Human Health Concerns. http://www.anapsid.org/mainzoonoses.html (accessed September 13, 2007).
Kellems, Richard O., and D.C. Church. 2002. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Knipe, David M., and Peter M. Howley. 2007. Fields Virology. 5th ed. 2 Vols. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McMichael, Tony. 2005. Rise of deadly disease is a cultural thing. The Sydney Morning Herald, October 17: 11. Factiva. http://global.factiva.com (accessed September 10, 2007).
Mendez, Torrance. 2007. Species on verge of extinction. The West Australian, September 14: 19.
Nawa, Yukifumi,
Christoph Hatz, and Johannes Blum. 2005. Sushi delights and parasites: The risk of fishborne and foodborne
parasitic zoonoses in Asia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41: 1297+. ProQuest.
http://il.proquest.com (accessed September 13, 2007).
Ogilvie,
Timothy H. 1998. Large Animal Internal Medicine.
Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins. Phillips, Nyree Dale. 2006.
Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis. PhD diss., Murdoch University. Pretty, Jules N. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Self-Reliance. Washington DC:
Joseph Henry Press. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052467/html/index.html (accessed June 12, 2006). Raidal,
Shane R., and Jon Dunsmore. 1996. Parasites of Companion Birds: A Survey of Alimentary Tract Parasites in
Caged Psittacine Birds with Specific Reference to the Prevalence of Trichomonas
Gallinae. http://wwwvet.murdoch.edu.au/caf/parasit.htm (accessed July
14, 1998). Rich, Robert R., ed. 2001.
Clinical Immunology: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. London: Mosby. Stelljes,
Kathryn Barry. 1994. Diagnosing the tough ones. Agricultural
Research 42 (8): 4+. Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com
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Abbreviations
app.
appendix
art.
article
chap.
chapter
div.
division
ed.
editor, edited by, edition
eds.
editors
et al.
and others (Latin et al)
n.d.
no date
no. nos.
number(s)
n.p.
no place
p. pp.
page(s)
par.
paragraph
pt.
part
rev.
revised
sec.
section
ser.
series
suppl.
supplement
s.v.
under the word (Latin sub verso)
trans.
translator(s)
vol.
volume
Other Sources of Information
Link Level 3 R 808.0270973 CHI 2003
© 2008 Murdoch University
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