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How To Cite References - Footnote/Endnote Style

Footnote/endnote Style, as outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style, is used primarily for publications in the social sciences.
Murdoch law students should not use this guide. Please use the Legal Citation Guide approved by the Law School.

When using EndNote bibliographic software, please use the following output style - Chicago 15th A.
Please remember to check with your unit co-ordinator or tutor before submitting your assignments,
as their style preference may vary from the guidelines presented here.

Updated February 2008

Contents

  • Citation Within The Text
  • Creating a bibliography or works cited list

    Citation Within The Text

    Footnotes are listed at the bottom of the page on which a reference is made. A numeral is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote. Footnotes are used when there is only a small number of references. When there is a large number of references, endnotes (either at the end of the chapter or the end of the whole work) are used.

    Indicating the relevant reference in the text

    A number in brackets, eg. (1), or in superscript, eg. 2, placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference. Citations are numbered sequentially throughout the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered note containing publication information about the source cited. The notes generally serve two purposes: to cite sources and to make cross-references to previous notes. Phrases used to introduce cited material are called signal phrases. These phrases usually come before quotations.

    Here is an example of this kind of referencing :

    Breaker Morant has been described as, '... a hard-fisted bushman, a versifier, womaniser, drunkard, gambler, a brilliant horseman, social success, brave soldier, and a ruthless adversary ...' (1). However it is the circumstances which led to his trial and execution, which most concern the average Australian. Morant and his fellow soldier Handcock have been viewed as 'scapegoats of the Empire'.2 ...

    The corresponding footnotes or endnotes have the following format :

    1. Kit Denton, Closed File (Adelaide: Rigby, 1983), 68.
    2. Barry Bridges, "Lord Kitchener and the Morant/Handcock Executions", Journal of the Australian Historical Society 73 (June 1987): 37.

    Note that an author's name is presented in full if known, with given name or initials before surname. All significant words in the title and subtitle are capitalised, as are the first and last words of each. Publication details for a book are enclosed in parentheses. Commas are used to separate the main elements of the citation.

    Titles of books and journals are italicised or underlined if hand-written, while title of chapters, titled parts of a book, or titles of journal articles are enclosed in quotation marks.

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    Citation within the text - Print Documents

    Two Authors
    Where a work has two authors, their names are separated by and.

    3. John Conrad and James W. Merritt, "Variant Specific Epitopes of Giardia Lamblia", Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 42, no. 1 (1990): 125-132.

    Three or more authors
    For works having more than three authors, a note citation should give the name of the first-listed author followed by et al. or and others.

    Chapter contained within another work
    4. H.J. Oliver, "Lawson and Furphy", In The Literature of Australia, ed. Geoffrey Dutton, 288-305 (Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin, 1964).

    Newspaper Articles
    References to items in newspapers must include the date, month (often abbreviated) and year. The name of the section should be included, if given.

    5. Marian Wilkinson, "Life After the Lodge", The Weekend Australian, 30-31 July 1994, Focus section.

    Scriptural works
    A citation to a scriptural work does not include page numbers and is usually confined to a text reference in brackets.

    ...(Heb. 13.8 New English Bible)...

    or details are given in a note,

    6. 2 Kings 11.8 Revised Standard Version.

    Entry in an encyclopaedia
    When referring to a well-known alphabetically arranged work such as an encyclopaedia, cite the title, edition if not the first, then the letters s.v followed by the term or phrase consulted (s.v. stands for sub verso, 'under the word'). These items are not then listed in a bibliography or a works cited list.

    7. New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "fungi".

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    References to a previously cited text

    The footnotes (or endnotes) shown above are all examples of the first citation of work. Notes for subsequent citations of the same work can be abbreviated.

    Example :

    8. Denton, 77.

    If you are citing more than one work by the same author it is necessary to include the work's title (or a shortened form of it) with the author's name in repeat citations. For example, subsequent citations to Northrop Fryes' Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays and Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-1988 would be cited as:

    9. Frye, Anatomy, 278.

    10. Frye, Myth, 1-3.

    This way of citing later references is now more common than using the Latin abbreviations op.cit. (for previously cited works) or ibid. (for a repeat of the preceding reference).

    Note : A shortened reference may be used for the first appearance of an item if that item is to be cited in full in a bibliography or works cited list.

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    Citation within the text - Electronic Documents

    References to material sourced from the Internet or electronic journals usually do not include a page number. Include the appropriate section or paragraph instead.

    Example:

    ... According to Professor Tom Wilson, 'the idea of the electronic library has emerged as a model for future systems, already implemented in some forms and to some degree in various places'. (11) ...

    The corresponding note would be:

    11. Tom Wilson, "'In the Beginning Was the Word': Social and Economic Factors in Scholarly Electronic Communication", ELVIRA Conference Keynote Paper, 1009, 10 April 1995, http://www.shef.ac.uk/~is/wilson/publications/elvira.html (accessed  May 23 1999), Introduction.

    Citations for e-books should follow the format of the examples below:

    12. Thomas Eckes. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. (Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000), netLibrary e-book.

    13. Len Bass, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003), Safari e-book.

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    Citation within the text - Personal Communications

    Personal communications include conversations, interviews, telephone conversations, letters and e-mail messages.
    Informally published material such as email, conversations or letters are not included in a bibliography or works cited list. Citations to such material should be limited to text and notes.

    Appropriate notes should follow this format:

    14. Martha Day,  Review of the film, Bad Lieutenant, email message to author, July 30, 1999.

    15. John Robinson, telephone interview with the author, April 12, 2005.

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    Creating a bibliography or works cited list

    With lengthy works such as dissertations and theses, it is customary to include a bibliography as well as the works cited list. Whether or not a bibliography is included depends on the intended scope of the work and on the system of referencing used.

    The most usual arrangement for a bibliography or list is a single sequence in alphabetical order by author, with the author's surname before the initials or given name. Where an item has no author(s) it is usual to cite it by its title and to file it in the bibliography or works cited list in sequence by the first significant word of the title. Titles of books or journals should be italicised or underlined if hand-written. Capitalisation practice should be consistent.

    A long list or bibliography may be divided into different sequences, either according to type of materials (e.g. books and articles listed separately) or according to subject category.

    The main differences, as compared to presenting the reference in a note, are that the first author's family name is placed before the given name or initials, the main elements of the reference are separated by full stops, and publication details for books are not enclosed in brackets.

    The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.

    Print Documents

    Books

    Standard format
    Author/editor. Title: Subtitle. (in italics or underlined if hand-written) Edition. (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

    Single author
    Boyle, Jimmy. The Pain of Confinement: Prison Diaries. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1984.

    Anthology or compilation (an edited book)
    West, T. G., ed. and trans. Symbolism: An Anthology. London: Methuen, 1980.

    Two or more books by the same author
    Pilger, John. Distant Voices. London: Vintage, 1992.

    - - - . A Secret Country. London: Cape, 1989.

    Multivolume work
    Summerfield, Geoffrey. Voices: An Anthology of Poetry and Pictures. 3 vols. London: Penguin, 1968.

    Later edition
    Newcomb, Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. 6th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2000.

    Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. N. Robinson. 2nd ed. London: Oxford UP, 1957.

    More than one author
    Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, Stuart G. Shanker and Talbot J. Taylor. Apes, Language and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.

    Dollimore, Johnathon, and Keith Hall, ed. Political Shakespeare: Essays in Cultural Materialism. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1994.

    Three or more authors
    If there are more than three authors or editors you should list all of the authors in the bibliography or list of works cited.

    MacIntosh, Angus, M.L. Samuels, Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, and Keith Williamson. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1987.

    Series
    Lynn, Richard John. Chinese Literature: A Draft Bibliography in Western European Languages. Oriental Monograph Series 24. Canberra: Australian National UP, 1979.

    Translation
    Moliere. Five Plays: Moliere. Trans. John Wood. Melbourne: Penguin, 1953.

    Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)
    Australian Copyright Council. Copyright for Book Publishers: A Practical Guide. Redfern, NSW: ACC, 1997.

    Conference (complete conference proceedings)
    Balakian, Anna and James J. Wilhelm, eds. Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association: New York, NY, 1982. New York: Garland, 1985.

    Government publication
    Australia. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Programs in Action for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Achievements. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service for Department of Aboriginal Affairs, 1989.

    Thesis or dissertation
    Woznica, Mirek. "A Counter-History of Art." PhD diss., Murdoch University, 1997.

    (Please note: Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or underlined)

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    Parts of a Book

    These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).

    Author of  Part, A.  "Title of chapter or part." In Title: Subtitle of Book, Edition, edited by. A. Editor & B. Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

    Single chapter from an anthology or compilation
    Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." In The Uses of Literature: Essays, translated by Patrick Creagh, 3-27. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982.

    Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a conference proceedings)
    Mann, Jill. "Chaucer and the 'Woman Question.'" In This Noble Craft: Proceedings of the Tenth Research Symposium of the Dutch and Belgian University Teachers of Old and Middle English and Historical Linguistics, Utrecht, 19-20 January 1989, edited by Erik Kooper, 173-88. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991.

    Article in an encyclopaedia, signed
    Fowler, Alastair. "Genre." International Encyclopedia of Communications, edited by Erik Barnouw, et al. 4 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, c1989.

    Study Guides and Unit Readers
    Note:     You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In your citations refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original). In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader.

    Dillard, Annie. “When You Write.” In The Writing Life, 3-21. London: Pan Books, 1990. Reprinted in Introduction to Creative Arts (EGL114) Study Guide and Reader. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2004.

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    Journal Articles

    Standard format
    Author of article. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume, issue number (year): page number/s.

    Journal article: Continuous pagination across issues
    Yeh, Michelle. "The 'Cult of Poetry' in Contemporary China." Journal of Asian Studies 55 (1996): 51-80.

    Please note: The issue number need not be included if pagination is continuous across the whole volume.

    Journal article: New paging in each issue (include issue number)
    Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988." Journal of Communication 42, no. 2 (1992): 5-24.

    Newspaper article
    Buchanan, Rachel. "Truth and Valour: Anzac Day, the Myth." Sydney Morning Herald, April 24, 1999.

    Magazine article
    Frank, Diana and Jeffrey Frank. "A Melancholy Dane: The Real Hans Christian Andersen." The New Yorker,  January 8, 2001.

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    Electronic documents

    E-Books

    Standard format
    Author. Title of E-book. Place: Publisher, Date of original publication. Source.

    Bass, Len, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice. 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. Safari e-book.

    Eckes, Thomas. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. netLibrary e-book.

    Article in online encyclopaedia
    Encarta Online Encyclopedia, s.v. "Fresco." Microsoft, 2001. http://encarta.msn.com/ (accessed  September 12, 2001).

    Hull, David L. "Philosophy of the Life Sciences." In Encyclopedia of the Life Sciences.  Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan, 2001. http://www.els.net (accessed September 12, 2001).

    Lai, M.C.C. "Hepatitis delta virus" In Encyclopedia of Virology, 2nd ed., ed. Allan Granoff and Roberts Webster. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1999. Science Direct. http://www.elsevier.com (accessed October 22, 2004).

    "Suffragettes" In A Dictionary of Contemporary World History, ed. Jan Palmowski. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. http://www.oxfordreference.com (accessed October 22, 2004).

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    E-Journals

    Standard format
    Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal. Volume, issue ( month year): page/paragraph numbers. Database Name (if appropriate).  internet address (date of access).

    Journal article abstract accessed from online database
    Spencer, H.L. "Book and Verse: A Guide to Middle English Biblical Literature." The Review of English Studies 52, no. 206 (May 2001): 249. Abstract. ProQuest. http://www.umi.com/proquest/ (accessed September 12, 2001).

    Please note: Abstract citations are only included in a Works Cited list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.)

    Journal article from online full-text database

    Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

    Hill, Thomas D. "Beowulf's Roman rites: Roman ritual and Germanic tradition." The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 106, no.3 (2007): p325-335. Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com (accessed September 18, 2001).

    Mayor, S. "Cloned calves are grown from cultured cells." British Medical Journal 320, no. 7228 (2000): 136+. ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com (accessed June 30, 2001).

    Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the www)
    Willinsky, J. "Proposing a Knowledge Exchange Model for Scholarly Publishing." Current Issues in Education. 3, no. 6 (2000). http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume3/number6/ (accessed September 18, 2001).

    Journal article in electronic journal subscription
    Hampton, Mark. "The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, The Manchester Guardian, and the Boer War, 1899-1902." The Historical Journal  44, no.1 (2001): 177-197. http://journals.cambridge.org (accessed September 18, 2001).

    Newspaper article from online database
    "Moving up the Charts." South China Morning Post, May 26, 1995, Friday Entertainment: 24. Factiva. http://global.factiva.com. (accessed September 19, 2001).

    (Please note: This is an example of an article from a special section of the newspaper.)

    Newspaper article from the World Wide Web
    Le Grand, Danielle. "Record Crowds Say So Much for Monet." The West Australian, September 18, 2001. http://www.thewest.com.au (accessed September 18, 2001).

    (Please note: The first date is the date of publication of the article and the second is the access date, which happens to be the same in this case.)

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    Internet Documents

    Standard format
    Author's name. Document title. Source/production information, Date of internet publication.  internet address  (Date of access).

    Professional Internet site
    Romance Languages Resources. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2001. http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/romance/resources/index.html (accessed September 12, 2001).

    Personal Internet site
    Lancashire, Ian. "Home page". http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ian/index.html (accessed September 12, 2001).

    General Internet site
    Harris, Jonathan G. "The Return of the Witch Hunts." Witchhunt Information.  http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Embassy/9062/fellsshort.html (accessed September 12, 2001).

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    Non-Book Formats

    Performer or Composer, A. Title : Subtitle. format. Special credits. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

    Note: A performer or composer is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording, otherwise the material is listed in the bibliography by title.

    Podcasts

    “From Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg.” Peking to Paris: Episode 3. podcast television programme. Presented by Warren Brown and Keith Brodie, and produced by Peter George. Sydney: ABC Television, June 4, 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xml (accessed February 4, 2008).

    “Black Hole Death Ray.” StarStuff. podcast radio programme. Presented by Stuart Gary. Sydney: ABC News Radio, December 23, 2007. http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml (accessed February 4, 2008).

    Other Formats

    Sound recording
    Young, Dougie. "I Don't Want Your Money." The Songs of Dougie Young. audiocassette. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1994.

    Film
    Blade Runner. DVD. Directed by Ridley Scott with performances by Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 1983.

    Video recording
    The Neon Bible. VHS. Written and produced by Terence Davies. Triumph Video, 1998.

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    A works cited list: what should it look like?

    The works cited list should appear at the end of you paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title Works Cited should be centered on the page.

    Please note the hanging indent for each reference makes the alphabetical sequence more obvious.

    Australia. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Programs in Action for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Achievements. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service for Department of Aboriginal Affairs, 1989.

    Australian Copyright Council. Copyright for Book Publishers: A Practical Guide. Redfern, NSW: ACC, 1997.

    Balakian, Anna and James J. Wilhelm, eds. Proceedings of the Xth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association: New York, NY, 1982. New York: Garland, 1985.

    Blade Runner. DVD. Directed by Ridley Scott with performances by Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 1983.

    Boyle, Jimmy. The Pain of Confinement: Prison Diaries. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1984.

    Buchanan, Rachel. "Truth and Valour: Anzac Day, the Myth". Sydney Morning Herald, April 24, 1999.

    Encarta Online Encyclopedia, s.v. "Fresco". Microsoft, 2001. http://encarta.msn.com/ (accessed  September 12, 2001).

    Frank, Diana and Jeffrey Frank. "A Melancholy Dane: The Real Hans Christian Andersen." The New Yorker, January 8, 2001.

    Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988." Journal of Communication 42, no.2 (1992): 5-24.

    Hampton, Mark. "The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, The Manchester Guardian, and the Boer War, 1899-1902." The Historical Journal 44, no. 1. (2001): 177-197. http://journals.cambridge.org (accessed September 18, 2001).

    Le Grand, Danielle. "Record Crowds Say So Much for Monet." The West Australian, September18, 2001. http://www.thewest.com.au (accessed September 18, 2001).

    Lynn, Richard John. Chinese Literature: A Draft Bibliography in Western European Languages. Oriental Monograph Series. 24. Canberra: Australian National UP, 1979.

    Nesbit, E. Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism. London, 1908. In Victorian Women Writers Project, ed. Perry Willett. Indiana U, 1996. http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/ballsoc.html (accessed September 12, 2001).

    Pilger, John. Distant Voices. London: Vintage, 1992.

    - - - . A Secret Country. London: Cape, 1989.

    Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, Stuart G. Shanker and Talbot J. Taylor. Apes, Language and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.

    Summerfield, Geoffrey. Voices: An Anthology of Poetry and Pictures. 3 vols. London: Penguin, 1968.

    West, T. G., ed. and trans. Symbolism: An Anthology. London: Methuen, 1980.

    Woznica, Mirek. "A Counter-History of Art." PhD diss., Murdoch U, 1997.

    Yeh, Michelle. "The 'Cult of Poetry' in Contemporary China." Journal of Asian Studies 55 (1996): 51-80.

    Young, Dougie. "I Don't Want Your Money." The Songs of Dougie Young. audiocassette. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1994.

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    Abbreviations

    Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found in The Chicago Manual of Style.1

    1. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 571-577.

    Some of the more often used examples are listed here.

    chap. chapter
    ed. (eds.) edition, editor(s)
    et al. and others
    n.d. no date of publication
    no. (nos.) number(s)
    n.p. no place of publication
    p. pp. page(s)
    par. paragraph
    pt. part
    rev. revised
    supp. or suppl. supplement
    trans. translator, translated by
    vol. volume

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    Other sources of information

    PLEASE NOTE: This list of examples is in no way exhaustive. Only the most often-used types of references are listed here. Refer to the following publications for more information on citing references

    The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P., 2003.
    Link Level 3 R 808.0270973 CHI 2003

    Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P., 1996.
    South Wing Level 2 808.02 TUR 1996

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