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How To Cite References - IEEE Style

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style is used primarily for publications in engineering, electronics, telecommunications, computer science and information technology.

When using EndNote bibliographic software, please use the following output style - IEEE.
Please remember to check with your unit co-ordinator or tutor before submitting your assignments,
as their style preference may vary from the guidelines presented here.

Updated February 2008

Citation Within The Text

Personal Communications

Creating a reference list or bibliography

Print Documents
Electronic Documents
Non-Book Formats

Podcasts
Other Formats

A reference list: what should it look like?
Abbreviations
Other sources of information

These guidelines follow the principles given in the Information for Authors : IEEE Transactions, Journals and Letters published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2003 and the Reference Guide: IEEE Style, University of Illinois at Urbania Champaign, College of Engineering, 1998. An additional source of information on the citation of electronic resources was Numeric Referencing, University of Wales, Swansea, 2004.

IEEE Style uses a notational method of referencing when referring to a source of information within the text of a document. In its simplest form, a citation is given consisting of a number enclosed by square brackets. The full details of the source are given in a numerical reference list at the end of the document.

Citation Within The Text

Indicating the relevant reference in the text

A number enclosed in square brackets, eg. [1] or [26], placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.

Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.

Here are some examples of this kind of referencing :

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."

"Scholtz [2] has argued that......."

"Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that..."

"For example, see [7]."

It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.
It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.

Citing more than one reference at a time

When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a comma or dash between each reference:

Preferred

[1], [3], [5]

[1] - [5]

Although the following method is also acceptable:

Acceptable

[1, 3, 5]

[1-5]

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Personal Communications

Personal comunications include conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails and telephone conversations.
IEEE style states that you cite only published works, forthcoming published works, and unpublished materials available to scholars in a library, a depository, or an archive.
For interviews or other "non-recoverable" information, no citation number is necessary. This does not mean that an attempt to identify the author is unnecessary, but that it needs to be done in the text itself.

"In a personal interview with Bill Gates, he suggested that he would soon rule the world."
"In a letter to the author, Professor Mueller detailed his expereinnces with using this data collection software."

Creating a reference list or bibliography

A numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or other information that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.

The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.

Print Documents

Books

Note: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title. Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.

Standard format

[#] A. A. Author/editor, Title: Subtitle (in italics), Edition(if not the first), Vol.(if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher, Year, page number(s) (if appropriate).

Single author

[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-135.

[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Press, 1997.

Edited work

[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Later edition

[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Course Technology, 2004.

[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.

More than one author

[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.

[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Business processes and information technology. Cincinnati: South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.

Three or more authors

Note: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.

[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations, Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.

Series

[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of online education and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002.

Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)

[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: A World Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.

Conference (complete conference proceedings)

[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

Government publication

[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital Agenda Review, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.

Manual

[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1995.

Catalogue

[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY.

Application notes

[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.

Note: Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.

Technical report

[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997.

Patent / Standard

[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U. S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.

Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)

[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers," presented at 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.

Thesis or dissertation

[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the routing problem in communication networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.

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Parts of a Book

Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).
Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.

[#] A. A. Author of Part, "Title of chapter or part," in Title: Subtitle of book, Edition, Vol., A. Editor Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, pp. inclusive page numbers.

Single chapter from an edited work

[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by means of transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol. 69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)

[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for the modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy Special Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.

[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-ac voltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Portable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.

Article in an encyclopaedia, signed

[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.

Study Guides and Unit Readers

Note: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).

[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines in search of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in Human-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.

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Journal Articles

Note: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.
You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.
You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.
To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.

Standard format

[#] A. A. Author of article. "Title of article," Title of Journal, vol. #, no. #, pp. page number/s, Month year.

Journal articles

[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.

[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

OR

[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D line models using local search?" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.

[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.

[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, to be published.

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Electronic documents

Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.
If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific.
An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.
The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.

E-Books

Standard format

[#] A. Author. Title of E-book. Place: Publisher, Date of original publication. [Format] Available: Source.

[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.

Article in online encyclopaedia

[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, http://www.oxfordreference.com. [Accessed: May 24, 2005].

[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems, G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144. [E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.

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E-Journals

Standard format

[#] A. Author, "Title of Article," Title of Journal, vol., no., p. page numbers, month year. [Format]. Available: Database Name (if appropriate), internet address. [Accessed date of access].

Journal article abstract accessed from online database

[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use cases in real-time embedded systems," Information and Software Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract]. Available: ProQuest, http://www.umi.com/proquest/. [Accessed May 12, 2005].

Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.

Journal article from online full-text database

Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" Software Development Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, http://il.proquest.com. [Accessed May 23, 2005].

Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)

[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].

Journal article in electronic journal subscription

[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with smoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available: www.oxfordjournals.org. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

Newspaper article from online database

[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

Newspaper article from the Internet

[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The West Australian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

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Internet Documents

Standard format

[#] A. Author, "Document title," Webpage name, Source/production information, Date of internet publication. [Format]. Available: internet address. [Accessed: Date of access].

Professional Internet site

[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, �Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,� European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190, 1997. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].

Personal Internet site

[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002. [Online]. Available: http://www.comm.pdx.edu/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm [Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].

General Internet site

[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://nl1.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].

Internet document, no author given

[4] �A �layman�s� explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,� Oct. 3, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.vmsk.org/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].

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Non-Book Formats

[#] A. A. Person, Responsibility (if appropriate), Title: Subtitle. [Format]. Special credits (if appropriate). Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

Podcasts

[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, �From Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg�, Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

[2] S. Gary, Presenter, �Black Hole Death Ray�, StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

Other Formats

Microform

[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia: Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.

Computer game

[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM]. United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.

Software

[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISI ResearchSoft, 2003.

Video recording

[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording]. Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.

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A reference list: what should it look like?

The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.

Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Press, 1997.

[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for the modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy Special Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.

[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.

[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Course Technology, 2004.

[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.

[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines in search of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in Human-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.

[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.

[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of online education and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002.

[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.

[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital Agenda Review, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.

[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording]. Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.

[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, http://www.oxfordreference.com. [Accessed: May 24, 2005].

[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" Software Development Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, http://il.proquest.com. [Accessed May 23, 2005].

[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with smoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available: www.oxfordjournals.org. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

[25] �AlphaCom Communications introduces VMSK technology,� The Business Journal Online, May, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.business-journal.com/LateMay00/Alpha.html. [Accessed: May 2, 2000].

[26] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

[27] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, �Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,� European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190, 1997. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].

[28] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://nl1.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12, 2004].

[29] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia: Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.

[30] �A �layman�s� explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,� Oct. 3, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.vmsk.org/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].

[Contents]

Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:

Ed./Eds. editor/editors

ed. edition

et al. and others

no. number

p./pp. page/pages

para. paragraph

pt. part

rev. revised

suppl. supplement

Vol. Volume (book)
vol. volume (journal)

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Other sources of information

Note: This list of examples is in no way exhaustive. Only the most often-used types of references are listed here. Refer to the following publications for more information on citing references:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., IEEE Transactions, Journals and Letters: Information for authors. Piscataway NJ: IEEE, 2003. Available: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/pubs/transactions/auinfo03.pdf. [Accessed May 20, 2005]

University of Illinois, College of Engineering, Reference Guide: IEEE style. Urbana-Champaign IL: University of Illinois, 1998. Available: http://www.ece.uiuc.edu.edu/pubs/ref_guides/ieee.html. [Accessed May 20, 2005].

University of Wales, Library and Information Services, Numeric referencing: Examples of reference types. Swansea: University of Wales, 2004. Available: http://www.swan.ac.uk/lis/help_and_training/htmdocs/bibliographic_referencing/numeric_referencing_examples.asp. [Accessed May 24, 2005].

University of Wales, Library and Information Services, Numeric referencing: Overview. Swansea: University of Wales, 2004. Available: http://www.swan.ac.uk/lis/help_and_training/htmdocs/bibliographic_referencing/numeric_referencing_overview.asp. [Accessed May 24, 2005].

[Contents]

Ed./Eds.	editor/editors
ed.	edition
et al.	and others
no.	number
p./pp.	page/pages
para.	paragraph
pt.	part
rev.	revised
suppl.	supplement
Vol.	Volume (book)
vol.	volume (journal)